IRS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IRS - Essay Example Taxation is one of the main ways in which the government gets money to fund its budget and offer service to the citizens. IRS is therefore a very important department of the government as it facilitates the government to collect funds from both individuals and corporations. IRS is also involved in formulating tax laws to help the government improve its tax collection methods and look in to new ways of helping the government get more finances through taxation (Malamut and Blach, 2008). Both corporations and individuals have the legal obligation of paying taxes to enable the government in its operations. There are however other institutions, individuals and corporations that have been legally exempted from paying taxes for various reasons. Since the IRS is only concerned with tax collections, it is expected that those exempted from paying taxes fall outside the legal mandate of the Internal Revenue Service. Among those exempted from paying taxes include Non Profit Organizations (NPO). These are organizations whose main objective is to serve the community through offering goods and services that help improve the living standards and the lifestyle of the people. Nonprofit Organizations are involved in activities such as sensitizing the community on health issues, enlightening the community with respect to their legal obligations, fighting discrimination among other issues. Unlike other organizations, the nonprofit organizations do not have profit making as their prime objective. Due to the good work these organizations are engaged in within the community, the law exempts them from paying taxes so as to motivate them to carry on with their good work. Despite profit not being their main objective, nonprofit organizations often report huge profits from their activities. Questions have arisen over whether these organizations ought to be taxed in such cases where they make huge profits (Malamut and Blach, 2008). A move to tax the organizations has been vehemently oppose d with most people being of the view that the profits only help the organizations improve the quality of their services. This has maintained the nonprofit sector outside the scope of the IRS. The national tax collection agency, IRS, has come under intense pressure from various sections of the country for its involvement in the affairs of nonprofit making organizations. The Internal revenue service (IRS) has recently been meddling in the management of nonprofit organizations (Chait & Taylor, 2005). The nonprofit organizations and other people see this as the IRS acting beyond its scope of work. The IRS however claims it is justified to monitor the leadership of these organizations despite them falling outside its scope. IRS has stated that its monitoring of the management affairs of nonprofit organizations is meant to ensure they comply with tax laws of the country (Hopkins, 2011). The organizations fall under the scope of the tax collection institutions since they are required by la w to adhere to observe tax regulations by strictly engaging in charitable missions within the community. The Internal Revenue Service aims at ensuring the organizations operate exclusively for charitable works. There is also great need to ensure that these organizations use their assets, including profits they earn, to help them accomplish charitable ends. By insisting on good governance, the IRS hopes to

Different Cusines I Eat Essay Example for Free

Different Cusines I Eat Essay Eating with the people you love is the most blissful moments you could ever have, and eating your favorite kinds of ethnic cuisines with the people you love†¦ now that’s the best moments you could ever have. One of the delights of life is eating with friends, second to that is talking about eating. And, for an unsurpassed double whammy, there is talking about eating while you are eating with friends. said by Laurie Colwin. Every cuisine had its own taste, culture and history behind every cuisine we eat. My 3 favorite ethnic cuisines are Mediterranean, Far East Asian, and Indian. First kind of ethnic cuisine is Mediterranean. Which gain its name from the countries that border the Mediterranean Sea. The important aspects of the Mediterranean diet are high intakes of grains, fruits, vegetables, olive oil, onions, garlic, fresh herbs, seafood, and cereals, such as nuts, seeds, and dried beans. Cheese, yogurt, fish, and poultry are consumed in low to moderate amounts, and little red meat is eaten. Some of the common/my favorite foods that you might have heard are hummus, pita, chicken/ beef/ lamb kabobs, chicken/beef/falafel shawarma and baklava. Second kinds of ethnic cuisine are the Far East Asian cuisines. Food is an important part of their history and culture. Rice and noodles compose of the important part in the Asian cuisine. Besides, Asians’ daily meals consist of six food groups: grains (or starch staples), vegetables, fruits, legumes, meat, and spices. Asian cooking has developed into a very sophisticated art because Asian food also focuses on the harmony of sight, smell, taste, and texture. Moreover, color, aroma, and flavor are not the only the key elements in Asian cooking; nutrition is also highly concerned for most Asian dishes are cooked with meat and vegetables together, so the foods are low in calories, high in nutrients, invariably well balanced. In addition, the different climate and agriculture from East to West and North to South, and various cooking methods, such as roasting, boiling, steaming, stewing, and stir-frying create several kinds of Asian cuisine. Third kind of http://componchu. blogspot. com/2005/06/my-final-essay-for-this-semester. html http://jpgmag. com/stories/18131.

Synthesis and Properties of Liquid Crystals for VAN

Synthesis and Properties of Liquid Crystals for VAN Synthesis and properties of liquid crystals for vertically aligned nematic (VAN) displays Introduction Liquid crystals where first observed in 1853 and 1855 by Rudolph Virchow and C. Mettenheimer respectively, both observed a flowing fluid like compound which was birefringent (brightly coloured) between cross-polarisers much like a crystalline solid, hence the compound was both liquid and crystal thus liquid crystal. [3, 4]. It was not until the late 1980’s that Liquid crystals and their truly fascinating fundamental properties began their tremendous success in commercial applications.1–5 Subsequently giving rise to the vertically aligned nematic (VAN) mode in the early 1990’s. The liquid crystalline phase can be best described as a hybrid of the two most common phases of matter, Liquids and Crystals. LC compounds diffuse about much like the molecules of a liquid giving them a fluid nature, combined with this they manage to maintain a small magnitude of orientational order and sometimes some positional order in a similar manner as a crystalline solid would. Hence, liquid crystals are anisotropic fluids. Properties of Liquid crystals and the nematic mesophase The nematic phase of calamitic (rod like) liquid crystals is the simplest liquid crystal phase. In this phase the molecules maintain a preferred orientatioanl direction as they diffuse throughout the sample. There is no positional order in the phase as depicted by figure 1.1. Synthesis of Liquid Crystals General Synthesis Generally, the most common liquid crystals are based on aromatic sub units due to their ease of synthesis and obtainability. The vast majority of LC building blocks are commercially accessible or fairly simple to synthesize via electrophilic substitutions such as Friedel-Crafts acylation, bromonation and nitration. For those functional groups that cannot be directly substituted interconverions usually take place with bromine often being the chosen leaving group (e.g., CO2H, NH2, CN and OH). Due to the individual nature of substituents their specific directing effect and a specific effect on the rate of reaction must be taken into consideration. By taking this into account reactions must be carried out in the appropriate order to arrive at the desired product. Figure 1 Electrohpilic Substiutions of Benzene A key advancement in synthesis arrived with the recognition that a wide range of intermediates could be efficiently prepared from alkyl-bromo-benzenes due to the ease of conversion of the bromo substituent into a previously inaccessible groups. From a range of synthetic methods described in scheme 1 a valuable number of carboxcylic acids and phenols can be prepared. This follows on to the synthesis of multi-aryl LC materials where esterification (see Scheme 2) is employed to couple multiple aryl units. Esterification commonly occurs in two processes firstly, the traditional method (Method A) of converting the carboxcylic acid into the acid chloride derivative with either thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride. The acid chloride is then reacted with the phenol in the presence of a base to remove the hydrogen chloride as it is formed. The second and more recent method (Method B) involves an in-situ reaction which uses N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) to activate the acid towards nucleop hilic attack from the phenol and a proton transfer catalyst ( 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine ) (DMAP). Scheme 2 Esterification coupling reaction LC materials with multiaryl cores (e.g., biphenyls and terphenyls) are somewhat more difficult to produce due to the direct bond between aryl sections. However, the development of palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions has created a means in which to form the direct carbon-carbon bonds needed. There are a vast number of methods to facilitate the generation of these carbon-carbon bonds but by far the most prolific involves the use of aryl bromides (4) and arylboronic acids (5). Figure 3 Palladium catalysed cross-coupling Alternative to the use aryl bromides are the aryl iodides, there increased stability as a leaving group provide a reaction pathway with an increased rate of reaction. Chloro and triflate are also other viable leaving groups, where the triflate group is essential in the synthesis of alkenyl-substituted LCs. Perhaps the most important palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reaction is the selective coupling that can occur by using a bromo-fluoro-iodo-substituted system (see Scheme 4) Figure 4 Dicouplong reactions of Benzene derivatives As the iodo group is a better leaving group it can be coupled with an arylboronic acid, following purification a second coupling reaction can occur on the bromo site giving rise to the synthesis of LC materials with more than two aromatic core units. In order to control the mesomorphic and physical properties of LC lateral substitutions are often employed, the fluoro substituent is the most commonly used lateral unit, as it is electron withdrawing in nature it renders adjacent H atoms acidic and thus making them vulnerable to strong basic conditions. By taking advantage of this vulnerability the desired functional groups for example the boronic acids needed for cross-coupling reactions are far more easily obtained. The only consistent approach for introducing a fluoro substituent into an aromatic system is via the diazotisation and successive fluoronation of the chosen aromatic amine, which in turn generated from the reduction of the nitroarene generated from the nitration of the bas ic aryl unit. Nonetheless, a broad variety of simple fluoro-substituted materials can be easily acquired commercially and thus synthesis often begins with fluro substituents already present (see Scheme 5). Unfortunately this gives rise to complications when trying to introduce terminal alkyl chains to the fluorinated compounds. Accordingly, a different approach is required and thus bromo-fluoro-iodo-benzene units are needed for successful synthesis of fluoro-substituted LC materials. Scheme 4 shows some reactions of these units to synthesis some adavance LC materials. The finishing touches Liquid crystals for VAN mode displays must have one vital property in order to be considered for this application, negative dielectric anisotropy. Negative dielectric anisotropy can be introduced by creating a strong lateral dipole within the LC material this is done by introducing lateral groups with high electronegativity such as fluorine as explained previously in this section, lateral chloro substitutents have also been considered in order to create negative dielectric anisotropy as they create a greater dipole than fluorine. However, the greater size of the chloro substituent renders it of little use as this subsequently gives the material low liquid crystal phase stability and high viscosity making it useless in VAN mode displays. Figure 5 Subsitution reactions of difluroaryl compounds Vertically aligned nematic (VAN) liquid crystal displays About the VAN displays The vertically aligned nematic (VAN) mode first came into development in the early 1990’s, first generation LC materials were based on rod like molecular structures and managed to achieve fast switching times of around 25ms. Unfortunately, the early attempts to introduce displays of this kind failed. This was for two major reasons, a switching time of What makes up a VAN display? VAN devices are made up of two parallel glass plates separated by a small gap of 3-10Â µm containing the nematic liquid crystal phase, on the top piece of glass sit a thin film of material which polarises a light that passes through it. On the inside of the top piece of glass there is a indium oxide (ITO) layer which acts as a conductor, this layer is linked to a surfactant. The inner layer of the bottom piece of glass is also coated with the ITO layer and the surfactant. The surfactant enables the liquid crystal to be connected with the conductor thus enabling the flow of a current. The display can be designed to be either passive or active. When passive the display does not generate any light itself it instead uses ambient light from surroundings which is reflected by a mirror like surface below the bottom piece of glass. When designed to be active the display is built with a light source behind the display which passes directly through the display rather than being reflected Working principle of VAN displays The average molecular orientation (director orientation) without the electric field is perpendicular to the substrate of the display. With this homeotropic orientation and crossed polarizers, the VA mode is working in the so called normally black mode. For the incident light the liquid crystal in the off state behaves like an isotropic medium (the light sees only the ordinary refractive index). As a consequence very good black states can be achieved independent of the wavelength of the light and the operating temperature. Pixel and electrode design of VA displays allow for a high aperture ratio resulting in a high brightness of the display. These two points are the main reason for the good contrast of VA LCDs.. Since the directors are oriented homeotropically in the off state, they can be tilted randomly in any direction by the electric field. This leads to disclination lines between domains of equal orientation, thus deteriorating the optical performance. Figure 6 VA Mode working display As VAN displays use LC materials with negative dielectric anisotropy, application of a voltage to the ITO films cause the director to tilt away from the normal to the glass surfaces as show in figure 2. This introduces a birefringence because the index of refraction for light polarised parallel to the director is different from the index of refraction for light polarised perpendicular to the director. Some of the resultant elliptically polarised light (all of it if the retardation is 180) passes through the crossed polariser and the display appears bright. In fact, since the retardation depends on the magnitude of the voltage applied to the display, this type of display can be used to produce a range of intensities of light. This is called a grey scale. For VA you have perfect black in the off-state and if apply a voltage the VA materials moves into the parallel position and this is bright. Therefore, you get a better contrast ration in VA displays. The second advantage is the switch ing process. It’s intrinsically faster to move the molecules this way.

The Radical Period of The French Revolution Essay -- European Europe H

The Radical Period of The French Revolution By the end of 1971, Europe was preparing to witness the end of a seemingly triumphant revolution in France. The country was restructuring its government in a forceful and bloodless manner, while the tyrant King Louis the XVI agreed to the demands of the masses (albeit without much choice). However, due to the fanatical aspirations of men such as Danton, Marat and Robespierre,it would be only a matter of months before the moderate stage of social and political reform was transformed into a radical phase of barbaric and violent force. In their quest for freedom, equality and fraternity, the leaders of the Jacobins inadvertently turned the revolution into an oligarchic dictatorship that threatened to destroy all that was achieved in the previous two years of insurrection. The revolution took a sharp turn on August 9th, 1792. The Municipal government was overthrown in Paris and a Commune was established by the leaders of the radical forces. During this time there were continual food riots erupting in every area of the country and, with the threat of war against Austria and Prussia looming, it was vital that order was to be maintained during such tumultuous times. Although the constitution was already enshrined and the citizens had their freedom and liberties, there was still plenty of public dissent and disapproval as to whether or not these laws would help create a new government and prevent the country from breaking apart. The people had come this far and were not prepared to watch their efforts lead to failure or the restoration of an absolute monarch. As a result, the radical forces were able to gain the support of the citizens in declaring that the ... ...) who allegedly opposed the will of the Jacobins, and therefore opposed the will of the republic. Robespierre never intended to justify his ends through such violent means. 1793 marked a year that could have been prevented, a period that should never have befallen the liberated citizens of France. Mirabeau warned that the destruction of the Monarchy would plunge the country into anarchy and his words rang true. France was not prepared for such social and political upheaval, and the resulting shift towards a republic would change the country forever. The Jacobins discarded their holy bible, the constitution, in order to ensure the security and stability of the country. Not only did their hasty actions backfire, but the tens of thousands of lives that perished during their reign symbolized the radical stage of the revolution in all its bloody glory.

Patient X Essay

Patient X’s doctor has been trying to convince him to practice better lifestyle habits to for several years to help combat his hypertension (on antihypertensive medication for 3 years), diabetes (6 years) and growing waistline. A recent routine check-up revealed a deterioration of his lipid profile (TC 260, TG 310, HDL 29, LDL 170) and fasting glucose of 172. Patient X is 55 years old, weighs 245 lbs and he is 5’10 . 1) Hypertension: Weight control to lower the risks associated with hypertension include a diet low in sodium and high in potassium. The risk of hypertension is lower when salt intake is lower and potassium helps reduce blood pressure by increasing the amount of sodium excreted in the urine. The DASH eating plan is the best option for maintaining hypertension. Physical activity is also a major lifestyle modification that should be adopted. Engaging in regular aerobic physical activity such as a brisk walk will lower the risk of hypertension. Diabetes: A diet to help control diabetes also focuses on weight management. Low glycemic index diets have been shown to reduce complications associated with diabetes. Exercise is also a key factor to controlling diabetes. A 3-5 days of the week exercise, which focuses on caloric expenditure and duration rather than intensity, has been proven to increase insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. *Exercise can reduce other risk factors such as weight control, lipid profile, and hypertension. Lipid Profile: Elevated triglycerides are best treated with increased physical activity and weight reduction. Aerobic exercise, weight reduction, smoking cessation, and moderate alcohol consumption will favorably affect HDL-C and lower LDL-C. After comparing these three aspects, it is easy to see that a diet focused on weight management, smoking cessation, and physical activity involving aerobic exercise will greatly lower Patient X’s risk factors for hypertension and diabetes. 2) Suggesting that Patient X begin the DASH diet would be the first place to start. The DASH diet includes an easy-to-use chart which helps plan menus. It also includes items that people generally like to eat, just in less moderation and with more fruit and vegetables. To help Patient X quit smoking, there are prescriptions or over the counter patches that will allow cessation. There are also therapy groups that Patient X could try if addiction proved to be too great. Exercising with someone, a friend or significant other is always easier than exercising alone. I would suggest that Patient X find an exercise buddy and possibly start a gym membership. If they feel this isn’t the right choice for them, then even walking around their block for 30 minutes allows some form of aerobic exercise in their life. After 6 months I would expect to see a lower blood pressure if Patient X had indeed been participating in physical activity. Improvement in blood pressure among hypertensive, takes effect within the first few weeks. I would also expect to see major improvement in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides if the proper diet was maintained. I would also expect to see an increased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. A drop in BMI will also be indicated.

Frogs Amphibian and Essays Research Papers

Frogs Amphibian and Essays Research Papers Frogs: Amphibian and Essays Research Papers Frogs are usually small animals that have smooth, moist skin, bulging eyes, and external eardrums behind the eyes; the adults lack a tail. Frogs have long hind legs, and most species can take long leaps. Many species also have webbed feet, making them excellent swimmers. Most frogs, especially males, are quite vocal. As the frog forces air through the voice box, or larynx, the vocal cords vibrate to make calls distinctive of its species. A much louder sound is produced by the males of species that possess vocal sacs, which swell enormously when the frog calls to attract a mate.... [tags: essays research papers] 413 words (1.2 pages) FREE Essays [view] Frogs - Frogs are needed for everyday life. They are part of pond life. Each animal is important because even in the pond, there is a food chain. Frogs are amphibians, animals that spend half of their lives under water, and remainder on land. The first frog appeared in the early Jurassic period about 200 million years ago. Frogs live on every continent except Antarctica, but tropical regions have the largest amount. Like all amphibians, frogs spend half their lives near water because they must return to the water to lay their eggs.... [tags: essays research papers fc] :: 1 443 words (1.3 pages) FREE Essays [view] Frogs - Frogs are amphibians in the order Anura. The order Anura is broken down into 22 different families of frogs and toads. Although they belong to the same order, frogs and toads are different in a lot of ways. Some of the more distinct differences are their skin and where they live. Frogs usually have smooth moist skin and toads usually have dry watery looking skin. Frogs spend most of their lives in or near water and toads spend more time on land. Amphibian means "double

How to Grow Color Change Crystals

How to Grow Color Change Crystals If you enjoy growing crystals, try this simple project that produces large crystals that change color from yellow to green to blue depending on light and temperature.   The crystals grow over a few hours to overnight and are sure to amaze! Color Change Crystal Materials Two chemicals react to produce the color change in the crystals: 10 grams potassium alum (potassium aluminum sulfate)3 grams red prussiate [potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)]50 milliliters hot water Alum is easy to find, but youll likely need to order red prussiate online. Another option is to simply order a color change crystal kit. The one by Thames and Kosmos is reliable and includes a total of three experiments. Prepare the Solution and Grow Crystals In a small clear container, simply dissolve the potassium alum and red prussiate in 50 milliliters of hot water. It make take a few minutes for the salts to fully dissolve. If you still have undissolved material after a couple of minutes, you can carefully set your container inside another larger container of very hot water, to act as a hot water bath and help the salts dissolve.Once the chemicals are dissolved, set your container of chemicals in a location where the crystals can grow without being disturbed.Youll start to see tiny crystals after 30 minutes to a couple of hours. Crystal growth should be complete overnight to a couple of days, depending mostly on temperature and the humidity of the air. At this point, the crystals will be yellowish green or green, depending on the temperature at which they grew.When you are satisfied with the crystal growth, use a spoon to remove the crystals from the container. You can set them on a saucer to dry. Dispose of the chemical solution by pouring it down the drain and rinsing with water. The easiest way to observe the color change is to divide the crystals between two containers. Place one container in a dark cabinet or closet and put the other container on a sunny window sill.Check on your crystals each day. Over time, the crystals in the sunlight will change color from yellow to green to blue. The crystals in the dark will remain yellow. The color change could take a couple of days, but in my experience, you see it within an hour or two. When I took the photo, the crystal on the left was canary yellow, but darkened to yellowish green under the bright lights How Color Changes Crystals Work Light and heat supply the energy to cause  a chemical reaction between the alum and red prussiate to produce Prussian blue or Berlin blue. This is an iron-based dye still in use today for blue ink cartridges and paints. Make Prussian Blue InkUse Prussian Blue in a Crystal Garden Safety Information The chemicals used in this project are safe to use, but you should wash your hands after handling the crystals, because the red prussiate and your crystals contain iron, which can be toxic if you get too much. Keep the chemicals and crystals out of reach of pets and young children for this reason. The kitchen is a perfect place to mix the solution and grow crystals, but be careful you dont get burned by the hot water and be sure to keep the chemicals and crystals away from food. Rinse any kitchen cookware you use so it doesnt have chemical residue. More Chemicals That Grow Crystals

Beverly Cleary Childrens Book Author of Ramona Quimby

Beverly Cleary Children's Book Author of Ramona Quimby Beverly Cleary, who turned 100 years old on April 12, 2016, is the beloved author of 30 childrens books, some published more than 60 years ago, all still in print, along with two autobiographies. She was honored by the Library of Congress in 2000 as a Living Legend and has won numerous awards for her childrens books, including the John Newbery Medal and the National Book Award. Childrens books by Beverly Cleary have delighted children, particularly 8 to 12-year-olds, for several generations. Her humorous, yet realistic, childrens books about the ordinary lives of children, along with such appealing characters as Ramona Quimby and Henry Huggins, have captured the interest of children around the world. Beverly Cleary has written 30-plus books, including three about a feisty mouse. Her books have been translated into more than a dozen languages. In addition, Ramona and Beezus, a movie based on Clearys Ramona Quimby and her older sister, Beatrice Beezus Quimby, was released in 2010. Beverly Cleary and Her Award-Winning Childrens Books Beverly Bunn was born April 12, 1916, in McMinnville, Oregon and spent her early years in Yamhill where her mother started a small library. Thus began the authors lifelong love of books. Her family moved to Portland when Beverly was six years old; she was delighted to find a large public library. Beverly went on to study library science at the University of Washington in Seattle and became a childrens librarian. In 1940, she married Clarence Cleary. Beverly Clearys first book, Henry Huggins was published in 1950 and was inspired by a boy who complained to the librarian that there werent any books about kids like him. It, and the other books about Henry Huggins and his dog Ribsy remain popular today. Her most recent book, Ramonas World, was published in 1999 and features one of her most beloved characters, Ramona Quimby. The first movie based on Clearys Ramona Quimby, Ramona and Beezus, centers on grade schooler Ramonas relationship with her older sister, Beatrice. This relationship is a part of all of the Ramona books, but most particularly in the book Beezus and Ramona. Beverly Cleary has won numerous awards, including the John Newbery Medal for Dear Mr. Henshaw.   Two of her books about Ramona Quimby, Ramona and Her Father and Ramona Quimby, Age 8 were designated Newbery Honor Books. Cleary also received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award in honor of her contributions to childrens literature. If thats not enough, her books have also won about three dozen statewide childrens choice awards and she won the National Book Award for  Ramona and Her Mother. The Klickitat Street Books of Beverly Cleary When she was a child, Cleary noticed that there didnt seem to be any books about children like the ones who lived in her neighborhood. When Beverly Cleary began writing childrens books, she created her own version of Klickitat Street, a real street near her childhood neighborhood in Portland, Oregon. The children who live on Klickitat Street are based on the children she grew up with. Fourteen of Clearys books are set on Klickitat Street, beginning with her first book, Henry Huggins. While Henry was the focus of the first books, a number of Beverly Clearys books also highlighted Beatrice Beezus Quimby and Beezus little sister, Ramona. In fact, Ramona has been the title character in the last seven of the Klickitat Street books. The most recent Ramona book, Ramonas World, came out in 1999. HarperCollins published a paperback version in 2001. With a fifteen-year break between Ramonas World and the last previous Ramona book, you might be a little apprehensive about a lack of continuity.  But in ​Ramonas World, as in her other books featuring Ramona Quimby, Cleary is right on target as she addresses, in typically humorous fashion, the vicissitudes of the life of Ramona Quimby, now a fourth grader. Beverly Clearys books have remained popular because of characters like Ramona. If your children havent read any of her books, nows the time to introduce them to Clearys books.   They might also enjoy the movie version, Ramona and Beezus.

Angelinas Interest in the Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Angelinas Interest in the Property - Essay Example Where the parties hold joint title to property and there is no declaration of beneficial ownership the law will presume that the parties are joint tenants. It can therefore be presumed the Angelina holds both the legal and equitable interest in the house jointly with Brad. As a result of the joint tenancy, the whole of the property is treated as if it is owned entirely by the parties and not in specific shares. In other words, in the eyes of the law, Brad and Angelina own 100% of the shares in the property together. When parties hold property together as joint tenants, the property passes from one to another upon the death of one of the parties under the doctrine of jus accrescendi. Therefore, when one party passes away, the whole of the property will automatically vest in the surviving joint tenant. As a result, it will be presumed by law that upon Brad’s death, Angelina automatically becomes entitled to the fee simple absolute in the property. However, the presumption can be rebutted by evidence of a common intention to sever the joint tenancy or to create a tenancy in common which will affect the shares that Angelina is entitled to. For instance, if Charles, Jennifer and Erica assert claims to an interest in the property, the court will deter mine whether or not sufficient evidence of a common intention to divide the property as tenants in common exists and if so the extent to which the property should be divided. 4 For present purposes, it can be stated that based on the documents of title, Angelina and Brad held the property jointly as joint tenants, unless Charles, Erica and/or Jennifer can successfully rebut the presumption. If Angelina’s name did not appear on the documents of title, the court would necessarily examine the common intentions of the party in order to ascertain what Angelina’s interest in the property should be. It will not automatically be inferred that just because Brad and Angelina were involved in a relationship at the time the house was purchased that they shared a common intention to own the property jointly. The courts will examine the evidence of common intention to determine whether or not there is sufficient evidence for justifying Angelina’s claim to joint ownership despite the legal title.5 The court will determine how the property should be divided by reference to â€Å"what the parties must, in light of their conduct, be taken to have inte nded.†6 In assessing the common intentions of the parties, the court will take account of the number of factors including the contributions that the parties made toward the property’s purchase price. The court will also take account of, conversations/communications around the time the purchase was conducted; the reason for purchasing the property in one parties’ name alone; the reason the property was purchased; the parties’ relationship; children involved; financing of the home; how the parties dealt with the financial affairs either separately or jointly; and how the property and household expenses were dealt with.7 Based on these factors it can be assumed that while Brad and Angelina were both responsible for the mortgage, Brad eventually discharged most of the mortgage although the initial deposit was furnished by Brad and his father Charles. The couple shared a child and obviously purchased the home together as a family home. Charles’ contribut ion will be viewed as a gift to the couple and will not be looked upon as a contribution by Brad.8 Based on the evidence it appears that the couple shared a family and divided the responsibilities for the family home between them. Brad took care of most of the family expenses, discharged the bulk of the mortgage while Angelina took care of the children. Although, Angelina’

Movie Review - The Hurt Locker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Movie Review - The Hurt Locker - Essay Example Kathryn Ann Bigelow is an American film director, producer; TV plays director as well as a screenwriter. Her famous movies and screenplays include Near Dark (1987), Point Break (1991), Strange Days (1995) and the Hurt Locker (2008). Bigelow is famous in print and electronic media community for inconceivable visuals and heart-pounding action sequels. Her unique concepts depicted in movies make her different and stand out from many other directors of Hollywood. Being one of the today’s most enthralling directors, she started her film career with a short movie The Set Up in 1978 in which she focused on violence in the society. In 1989, she made her first studio project public, Blue Steel. Though the movie received criticism for weak plot and violence by some of the critics at the same time, it gathered a lot of praise for its imagery and real time screen effects (Deborah and Sean 65). Bigelow tried TV screen as well in 1993 and directed a number of television crime dramas/serials like Homicide; Life on the Streets and The Weight of Water. Her later project was The Hurt Locker which won numerous awards including BAFTA Award for best director and best film. After having a complete success in Hurt Locker, Bigelow directed her next movie Triple Frontier which was a joint venture of Bigelow and Mark Boal.The story was originated by Mark Boal, who was a freelance journalist, paid by American Govt to cover/accompany an American Bomb Squad operating in Iraq after the war had ended.

'The regulation of enzyme activity is the most most important and Essay

'The regulation of enzyme activity is the most most important and fundamental control for a cell'-Discuss - Essay Example A cell on the other side is the smallest fundamental unit of life (Alberts 79). Within the cell are the cell organelles that are charged with specific roles in driving physiological processes of the body. Most of the physiological processes that take place in the body are initiated at the cellular level, at the same time; the cell operation is linked with the enzymes activity. An example is the process of gene expression in the body. Gene expression is the sequential transformation of a trait from the molecular level to phonotypical stage. It usually starts with the replication of the DNA (deoxyribonucleic Acid) (Hill 84). The replication of the DNA is enzyme catalyzed and the process continues to the transcription of the DNA to RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) which then gives the amino acid and is finally translated to proteins that manifests themselves phenotypically (Alberts 102). In the sequence of gene expression, the cell is charged with the responsi679114bility of determining what enzymes are to be produced and in what quantity. It is the responsibility of the cell to determine what enzyme is required in the body depending on the type of substrate that is present in the body. The situation shows how intimate the two work in enabling the body physiological processes to proceed without a halt. The alternative synthesis and degradation of the enzymes is referred to as the turnover number, this turnover number is dependant on the need of the enzymes in the cell and is regulated by the cell (Hill 166). Increasing the amount of the enzymes in the cell can be done by the cell in two way; elevating the synthesis rate of the enzymes or by slowing the rate of the enzyme degradation. The cell in this case has the role to regulate the enzyme content in it which is a stringent exercise owing to the fact that there are millions of enzymes in the body each effecting a unique role probably at the same time and has to be

The Renaissance Man in Michelangelo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Renaissance Man in Michelangelo - Essay Example Discussing the three works --- their similarities and differences --- will help evaluate if Michelangelo indeed is able to present great talent in several different art realms. THE RENAISSANCE MAN IN MICHELANGELO 3 The Renaissance Man in Michelangelo Renaissance is a big part in the history of art. Here, art was reborn through the rediscovery of Greco-Roman tradition. The word renaissance itself came from the term â€Å"la rinascita,† meaning â€Å"rebirth.† (Rubin, 2006, p.563) During this period, pieces of art developed from the supernatural to the natural, as man's expansion of the scientific knowledge progressed. Study of human beings and scientific research caused societies to believe more in the self (Rubin, 2006, p.565-6). The Renaissance era spanned for two centuries, with historians dividing it into three periods --- Quattrocento or Early Renaissance, High Renaissance, and Mannerism. If modern artists today take pride in being a master of a certain field, Renai ssance people are considered great if they are able to present great talent in several fields (Rubin, 2006, p.574-5). ... Even though his talent is mostly considered as â€Å"only† within the realm of arts, the mastery he showed in every piece of work in every discipline is enough to make one understand that he is no ordinary â€Å"Jack of All Trades† (Emison and Chapman, 2006, p.508). He is considered a part of the High Renaissance period because there is naturalism in his works, there are no halos in religious pieces, and there is the balance between movement and stillness. There is also a great sense of harmony and balance in his works, which are both characteristics of Renaissance work. Furthermore, the Renaissance period is characterized by private or government funded art THE RENAISSANCE MAN IN MICHELANGELO 4 commissions, as compared to the common practice of art commissions by religious sectors (Rubin, 2006, p.576-7). â€Å"Statue of David† is among Michelangelo's sculptures, and perhaps can be considered one of the most famous sculptures in the world. The Guild of Wool Merch ant commissioned Michelangelo to create the â€Å"Statue of David.† As mentioned above, private commissions became the norm during the Renaissance period particularly for sculptures, especially due to its high cost. This sculpture breaks away from the traditional way of presenting David (Allen, 2001, p.18). In Michelangelo's sculpture, he does not show David as a winner, but rather as a youth just about to gain power right before the fight. This technique is also a characteristic of the Renaissance period, and Michelangelo brilliantly created the image of balance between stillness and movement by creating a sculpture that is both calm and smooth, yet dynamic and combat-ready (Allen, 2001, p.19). The tendons and the muscles of David's

Lab report on deception Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On deception - Lab Report Example However, the administering of even these scientifically-based tests has come under increasing fire. For example, polygraph results were barred from the trial of a U.S. trial of a federal judge as recently as December of 2008 (Assoicated Press, 2008). If such a scientifically-based device has come under such scrutiny and has been routinely barred from legal proceedings, it begs the question of whether an unaided human can detect deception merely by observing the subject. In their 1996 study, Vrij and Semin examined this question by recruiting not only college students, but also subjects from a variety of fields thought to be trained and experienced in lie detection (police patrol officers, prison guards, customs officials, etc.) as well as those constantly exposed to an environment based on lies and deception (prisoners). It was their hypothesis that law enforcement officials would be better at lie detection than "normal people" such as college students and that the criminals would have superior abilities to those of law enforcement. All of the subjects reported that they considered themselves highly experienced at detecting deception (Vrij & Semin, 1996). Vrij and Semin administered their study through a series of questionnaires administered at the subjects' places or work or incarceration. These questionnaires contained questions ranging over 16 nonverbal cues commonly associated with deception and concluded with the subjects rating themselves on their ability to detect deception in others on a 7-point scale. The results were compiled by group (college student, law enforcement, or criminal) and then analysed for accuracy. As predicted, the criminals exhibited the greatest level of accuracy in correctly identifying nonverbal cues of deception. It was also found that there was not a significant difference between the accuracy rates of law enforcement and college students, indicating that those considering themselves professional lie detectors fell victim to the same misconceptions on nonverbal cues as a lay person (Vrij & Semin, 1996). While Vrij and Semin's study does provide useful data that professional lie detectors have no superior knowledge of deceptive nonverbal cues than the rest of us, it does lack in that none of the subjects were actually tested in their ability to detect deception. This study will address that lack by actually testing whether or not subjects can detect deception through nonverbal cues, particularly by focusing on voice pitch. It is predicted that such attention to nonverbal cues will detect deception at a higher rate than chance and that those observers relying on voice pitch as a deceptive cue will be more accurate than observers relying on other nonverbal cues. Methods A pool of 761 subjects was recruited consisting of 454 females and 307 males who were informed that they would be participating in an undergraduate psychology tutorial study. These subjects ranged in age from 17 to 56 years with a mean age of 19.77 years and a standard deviation of 2.58 years. For this study, each subject was instructed to tell a story to another subject. This narrative could either be true or false and the observer

Study skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Study skills - Essay Example In the backdrop of this, we shall take an in-depth view of some the policies that Mayor Johnson has proposed for the City of London, in particular those that address environmental concerns. Additionally, we shall review the powers and responsibilities of the Greater London Authority and the Mayor of London so that we may understand their scope in administrative matters. A thorough scrutiny of some of polices stipulated by the mayor shall also be reviewed in this essay. One of the main responsibilities of Mayor Johnson is to promote economic development and creation of wealth. Being the executive of the strategic authority of London, the mayor is mandated to ensure that there are avenues for job creation and a good atmosphere for doing business. Availability of jobs and the abundance of business opportunities open up room for economic development in the city. The mayor is also mandated to create policies and strategic plans to address transportation, development and planning, environmental issues, health, economic development, culture and housing issues. With the aid of bodies mandated to carry out specific functions, such as Transport for London, the mayor is able to implement these policies. Appointment of board members of the different functional bodies such as London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority is often done by the mayor. These bodies have specific roles that address different development issues, such as crime and transportation. In addition to this, he can appoint a chair to these boards or chair the boards himself, like he has done with the Metropolitan Police Authority and the Transport of London (Beatley, 2012). As the executive, the mayor sets out annual budgets for funding services in London. This is often done by funding bodies that provide such services. These include; Transport for London, Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA), London Development Agency (LDA),

The Renaissance Man in Michelangelo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Renaissance Man in Michelangelo - Essay Example Discussing the three works --- their similarities and differences --- will help evaluate if Michelangelo indeed is able to present great talent in several different art realms. THE RENAISSANCE MAN IN MICHELANGELO 3 The Renaissance Man in Michelangelo Renaissance is a big part in the history of art. Here, art was reborn through the rediscovery of Greco-Roman tradition. The word renaissance itself came from the term â€Å"la rinascita,† meaning â€Å"rebirth.† (Rubin, 2006, p.563) During this period, pieces of art developed from the supernatural to the natural, as man's expansion of the scientific knowledge progressed. Study of human beings and scientific research caused societies to believe more in the self (Rubin, 2006, p.565-6). The Renaissance era spanned for two centuries, with historians dividing it into three periods --- Quattrocento or Early Renaissance, High Renaissance, and Mannerism. If modern artists today take pride in being a master of a certain field, Renai ssance people are considered great if they are able to present great talent in several fields (Rubin, 2006, p.574-5). ... Even though his talent is mostly considered as â€Å"only† within the realm of arts, the mastery he showed in every piece of work in every discipline is enough to make one understand that he is no ordinary â€Å"Jack of All Trades† (Emison and Chapman, 2006, p.508). He is considered a part of the High Renaissance period because there is naturalism in his works, there are no halos in religious pieces, and there is the balance between movement and stillness. There is also a great sense of harmony and balance in his works, which are both characteristics of Renaissance work. Furthermore, the Renaissance period is characterized by private or government funded art THE RENAISSANCE MAN IN MICHELANGELO 4 commissions, as compared to the common practice of art commissions by religious sectors (Rubin, 2006, p.576-7). â€Å"Statue of David† is among Michelangelo's sculptures, and perhaps can be considered one of the most famous sculptures in the world. The Guild of Wool Merch ant commissioned Michelangelo to create the â€Å"Statue of David.† As mentioned above, private commissions became the norm during the Renaissance period particularly for sculptures, especially due to its high cost. This sculpture breaks away from the traditional way of presenting David (Allen, 2001, p.18). In Michelangelo's sculpture, he does not show David as a winner, but rather as a youth just about to gain power right before the fight. This technique is also a characteristic of the Renaissance period, and Michelangelo brilliantly created the image of balance between stillness and movement by creating a sculpture that is both calm and smooth, yet dynamic and combat-ready (Allen, 2001, p.19). The tendons and the muscles of David's

Study skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Study skills - Essay Example In the backdrop of this, we shall take an in-depth view of some the policies that Mayor Johnson has proposed for the City of London, in particular those that address environmental concerns. Additionally, we shall review the powers and responsibilities of the Greater London Authority and the Mayor of London so that we may understand their scope in administrative matters. A thorough scrutiny of some of polices stipulated by the mayor shall also be reviewed in this essay. One of the main responsibilities of Mayor Johnson is to promote economic development and creation of wealth. Being the executive of the strategic authority of London, the mayor is mandated to ensure that there are avenues for job creation and a good atmosphere for doing business. Availability of jobs and the abundance of business opportunities open up room for economic development in the city. The mayor is also mandated to create policies and strategic plans to address transportation, development and planning, environmental issues, health, economic development, culture and housing issues. With the aid of bodies mandated to carry out specific functions, such as Transport for London, the mayor is able to implement these policies. Appointment of board members of the different functional bodies such as London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority is often done by the mayor. These bodies have specific roles that address different development issues, such as crime and transportation. In addition to this, he can appoint a chair to these boards or chair the boards himself, like he has done with the Metropolitan Police Authority and the Transport of London (Beatley, 2012). As the executive, the mayor sets out annual budgets for funding services in London. This is often done by funding bodies that provide such services. These include; Transport for London, Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA), London Development Agency (LDA),

Best practices when offshoring business intelligence Essay Example for Free

Best practices when offshoring business intelligence Essay Ted Kempf in his article in VarBusiness credits Gartner Dataquest with the following definition for Business Intelligence; â€Å"a user-centered process for of exploring data, data relationships and trends, thereby helping improve overall decision making† (Kempf, 2001). US companies today are setting up business-intelligence technology for the purpose of processing the incessant flow of information they receive. These companies gather this information so they can maintain and build customer relationships and make sound business decisions in a timely manner. A Gartner Dataquest study revealed that the primary reason for companies investing in business-intelligence applications is to ensure they have available the information to assist them in making real-time business decisions. Even though the current trend is to outsource IT initiatives overseas to save costs, the rationale in doing the same for business intelligence is questionable. This is because business intelligence (like data ware housing) is not a technical exercise and requires business knowledge. It is iterative and business-focused in nature (Consilvio, 2003). She insists that offshoring BI presents the biggest risk for ETL (extract, transform and load) because it is grossly underestimated. For this reason, Robert Mitchell, in his article in Computerword, even goes as far as saying that the threat for offshoring is overstated (Mitchell, 2006). In her article for Computerworld, Maria Consilvio lists some of the best practices for offshoring business intelligence. They include: ? Set up tight specifications ? Start with an approach similar to staff-augmentation Define service levels which are appropriate for your expectations. ? Keep an onshore presence as representation for the business knowledge. This enables the life cycle to be quick turn. ? Ensure that the development team is reactive to feedback so that business feedback can be translated to technical specifications. ? Offshore the long term projects with more stable requirements. ? Ensure requirements are defined to such a level that the technical resource does not necessarily have to have the business knowledge. Determine beforehand the restrictions placed on exiting the contractas such contracts may not have defined end or start dates as a result of the fluid nature of BI. ? Audit offshore tools and, as much as possible, insist on scalable tools. ? Equip the onshore team with systems integration, project management and deliver management skills In support of the best practice procedures above, William McKnight of McKnight Associates suggests the following as excerpted from his 2003 article in Computerworld: ON-SITE * Set up benchmarking and service-level criteria * Establish business rules * Maintain (create/translate) business knowledge * Involve users in data warehouse decisions * Ensure application support after development OFF-SITE * Set up an enforcement mechanism for business rules * Establish expertise in tools, such as data cleansing, automated extractors, dashboards and real-time delivery * Application development * Application support and project maintenance REFERENCES Consilvio, Jean. (2003). BI: Last to Leave. Computerworld, December 12. Kempf, Ted. (2001). Business-Intelligence Apps: Companies want them, but are emerging integrators prepared to deliver? VarBusiness, November 6. McGee, Marianne Kolbasuk. (2006). You Vs. Offshoring U. S. tech pros are surprisingly upbeat, and pay is on the rise. But the job outlook is anything but warm and fuzzy. InformationWeek, April 24. Mitchell, Robert L. (2006). Why Good Technologists Are Hard to Find. Computerworld, March 20.

How Does Public Opinion Influence Policy Making Politics Essay

How Does Public Opinion Influence Policy Making Politics Essay Public opinion is the summation of individual attitudes, sentiments or views held by grown-up people. Public opinions can be swayed by public associations and political media. Mass media uses a broad range of advertising techniques to get their message out and change the peoples opinions. By assessing the opinions at the personal level and combining them, the percentage of the population with particular views and preferences can be established. Public opinions affect policy both positively and negatively depending on the overall general public view on the policy. Governments have in many occasions devised the use of public opinions for guiding their public information and helping in the making of government policies. The fundamental representation of democracy is the provision of a method through which public opinion and public policy are dependably and frequently interacted. Robert and Gerald (1993) claims that there should be on one hand preferences for the policy and on the other hand public responsiveness to the policy. Political representation has become a major subject in todays politics, and in highly developed democracies there has been increased dissatisfaction with the governments with many people claiming that governments dont represent their interest when formulating policies. According to Holti (1996) the Meech Lake Accord, which was a policy advocating for the Canadian elite accommodation, was met with extensive cries for transparency and public discussion. Many policy planners in addition included public opinion and organized interest groups as important parts in their policy formulation process. Besides public opinion, organized interest groups also participate as a nongovernmental political determinant of the public policy. Public opinion may influence policy positive or negatively. How public opinion influences policy Representation largely depends on a reactive public which watches and responds to what the government is doing. Little advantages are gained on policies where the public is not attentive and uninformed on their preference. Public opinion on policies is very important to representation democratic system as a part of representation itself. A public that is quick to respond behaves like a thermostat as it adjusts its preferences for more or less policy depending on what policy makers do. State governments should develop policy outputs that replicate the concerns of the public and organized interests. Interest groups can also participate various roles standing-in as public or clients representatives as a broker of political information or as policy experts. Public opinion should hold larger weight on policy- making when a mood of the public is successfully communicated by use of interest group activities. The interest group serves as a representative of the mood of the people with their own policy goals. Population based approximations have been used but their effects have been difficult to ensnare from the split effects of socioeconomic conditions According to Daniel (2005) in the last fifteen years, new measures of state public opinion supported on group disaggregated nationwide surveys had revealed a good linkage between the state policy, open-mindedness, and public opinion. Interest groups and general public play an important role in influencing bureaucratic decision making. In USA, both the state public views and those done by interest groups support the addition of non- governmental forces in manipulating policy outcomes. For example, by examining the effect of public opinion of environmental, health and education policies, the conservatives will prefer a free market situation whereas the liberals will pursue a government centered regulation to address these problems in aforementioned areas. By using interest groups, the more groups that are organized around a particular policy area, the more authority that advocacy community has on public policy outputs. By increasing the numbers of advocacy communities, they are able to communicate their ideas to policymakers more frequently and urgently. Public interests group serve as representative by including an interaction between the public and the organized interests. The environmental groups serve to represent a broader public as compared to health and education. The governments political situations such as party control of countrys legislature and governorship, together with party competition with the state, is also a policy determinants. Party competition within the state as a government political condition affects public policy and thus affects public opinion. A party competitiveness will create a positive public policy and public opinion. External State conditions are also determinants of public policy, which may include population indicators, economic, and geographic conditions. For example, richer states usually have more capital to spend on environmental programs and are more likely respond to a higher increase in taxation since their higher incomes exceeds the threshold to satisfy more basic needs. Higher incomes levels have an encouraging relationship on environmental policy. The mass public opinion concerning American foreign policy has been expressed inconsistently and rationality and on incoherence on the other side. In general, the American public do not support the foreign policy due to lack of their involvement in the policy making process. According to Witt Kopf (1990) this is because the American people are ill informed and not interested about foreign policy with equivalent weakness to demonstrate that unstable foreign policies are liable to manipulation by political elites. Poverty rates affect both health and education policys negatively. Contrasting to access to health care the burden of education expenditure for impoverished population is in general manifested in increased states spending compared to local expenditures because small income base of regions with larger poor people. The proportion of locally raised education income is a good indicator of how states fund their education system. Some states preserve a high level of control over their schools systems and thus provide the bulk of the required funding. According to Courtney and David (2005) increases in educational attainment improve both verbal and writing skills and results to higher income and greater professional prestige, enhancing social capital and improved understanding of political processes, which in turn leads to greater political participation. Views of those who are more learned have a greater influence than views of those with less learned. The possibility of comparative pressure depends on which policies are chosen as outcomes variables. The suggestion follows from the contingent model of public opinions weight on policy which affirms that the degree to which a policy is affected by judgment is related to the salience of the subject to the public. The underlying principle for saliencys effect on policy awareness is that people are more politically active when matters are important to them. For example, the effects of public views on civilian rights policies in US. Civil rights mattes are possibly more salient issues to blacks than whites and as a result attitudes of blacks may carry more weight with politicians than attitudes of whites. The Federal government and both state and local governments have in many times hiked cigarette excise taxes in the current years from 24cents per pack to 34 cents per pack with a total of 19 states complying with the increase. The two effects of the reputation of cigarette excise taxes can be predicted in that one is to create revenue from smokers who continue to smoke and also to persuade minor smokers to quite. The problem that is being addressed is the extent to which tobacco control policies affect the public opinion towards smoking. Tobacco management policies can be used to change inexperienced assumptions on fitness risks caused by smoking and can serve as an alternative for health teaching. The execution of tobacco taxes can eventually change public opinions towards smoking. Several alternatives for public opinion have been developed towards smoking and have been scrutinized with relationship between alternatives and the changes in policy on cigarettes. Smokers who prepare to stop smoking obviously ridicule smoking more than the smokers who dont want to stop. The health behaviors of those who are affluent calculated by the attainment of education may serve as an important pointer for public reaction towards smoking. For that reason, the dominance of smoking by intention to stop and education achievement arguably serve as better alternatives for attitude towards smoking than the rate of smoking alone. The proxy for the public response towards smoking is related to the explicit support of tobacco control policies and succeeding change in tobacco control laws. The prevalence of educate smokers who dont want to stop is the best proxy for public reaction towards smoking and accordingly changes in cigarette demand. There is always depressing relationship between excise taxes hikes and the predominance smoking which is primarily driven by the predominance educated smokers who dont want to stop. Public reaction towards smoking is a central feature to what exten t tobacco policies are implemented. If tobacco control rules such as cigarette excise taxes and smoking bans are related with public reactions towards smoking, then it follows that smoking sentiments influence future demand than the tobacco control policies. The decline in cigarette smoking and the hike in tax reflect to some extent the public reaction towards smoking. Tobacco control policies and public sentiments together help in reducing the rate of smoking. How public opinion does not influence policy Policy makers in many times are forced to make an assumption that public views are a reliable guide to making public policy whereas they should not. Public opinion polling often assesses the wishes and liking of respondents but doesnt reflect the costs or threat associated with the policy. Public opinions conveyed in polls cannot tell the policy choice which needs consideration to tradeoffs among values to second-best potential and to unexpected risks. Opinion polls are not likely to get better enough to help the policy choices. Enhancements make the polls results more expensive or too difficult to get from worn out respondents. Therefore, we should not expect in future that polling will replace the use of reasoned policy choices by chosen spokespersons of the people. Despite all the numerical fancy in modern days polling, the dug out advice should not direct public policy. Although public requirements for more government intercession to help are real in that people honestly crave the promised improvement, the cries for state action fail to meet even the highest minimal standard of legitimate guidance. Modern day polls are seducing those who respondent and dont offer them hard choices like the ones faced by policy analysts or legislatures. Polls do not offer wide-reaching advice about policy but they only measure wishes for worlds of advantages with no costs. Opinion polling has crossed the line between mechanically footage popular attitudes and becoming a political player. Contemporary polls are not excellent guides to policy making and we dont have the reason to believe they can be improved to stand in place of policy analysis. A triumphant battle against facile entreatment must deal with the way polls are used not the surveys themselves. Abstract craving for public bounty should only be regarded as interesting curiosities and under no conditions should they notify policymakers or determine policy choices. The capacity of political system to act in response to the likings of its citizens is innermost to democratic presumption and practice. Where assessed, public opinion expresses a reasoned mood or view on a meticulous policy of a problem in a manner that is identifiable by political influential and it is more likely than not that the progress of the policy will be in the path of public opinion. Two parameters which must be followed are within a broad of constraints established by public views. Politicians and policy entrepreneurs often have considera ble room to plot policy in detailed ways that are not noticeable to the public. According to Kennamer (1992) there are different ways to transform welfare, evade spread of communism in underdeveloped countries, fight crime, and address shortage of energy. Secondly whereas the public opinion clearly places important limits on policymaking, the amalgamation of contradictory public views on majority vital policy issues and the capability of political elites to contour or direct views considerably reduce the independent informal impact of public sentiments. Policy questions are intrinsically many sided and is often the reason that strategy and political entrepreneurs can draw upon particular issues structured and abroad ideological underpinnings that have accepted support to endorse meticulous policy schedule. Conclusion It is the external demands of public views that hold and influence policy-making decisions and not the widely known formal apparatus of government. The power of the public opinion in relation to party of the legislature does not essentially underrate the power of the government officials and institutions. According to Norris (1997) the American State governments are responsive to the views of general public and to organized publics. State governments function just as representative democracies with policy out puts very much reflecting the state and external political conditions. Public opinions at the same time tend to have a steady effect across policy areas while the governments tend to be operating in a representative manner, with policy principally the wills of its citizens. Party platforms and electoral fortunes serve as expansions of outer determinants connecting needs and wants with policies and programs. In addition, the impacts of non-governmental political situations on pol icy can vary across problem areas. Organized interest are not massive persuaders of public policy and different groups across problem areas have varying effects as they search for to push forward their own specific goals. Even within the same problem, groups can have varying goals and impact across specific agendas and policies. Public opinion tends to have consistent effect across policy areas.

Supply and Demand :: Economics Econ 101

Supply and Demand Supply and demand is defined as the relationship between the quantity that producers wish to sell at various prices and the quantity of a commodity that consumers wish to buy. In the functioning of an economy, supply and demand plays an important role in the economic decisions in which a company or individual may make. The quantity of a commodity demanded depends on the price of the commodity, the prices of all other commodities, the incomes of the consumers as well as the consumer’s taste. The quantity of a commodity supplied depends on the price obtainable for the commodity as well the price obtainable for substitute goods, the techniques of production, the cost of labor and other factors of production. It is supply and demand that causes a market to reach equilibrium. If buyers wish to purchase more of a commodity than that of which is available at a given price, then the price will to tend to rise. If they wish to purchase less of a commodity than that of which is available, then the price will tend to drop. Consequently, the price will reach equilibrium at which the quantity demanded is just equal to the quantity supplied. The resources needed to supply commodities often tend to be scarce so that there is always competition. The term â€Å"invisible hand† is the natural force that guides the market to this competition for scarce resources. Without the â€Å"invisible hand† theory then there would be no competition for resources thus creating a market where prices would be determined almost free of debate. There would be no market to determine set prices for any type of commodity. Therefore, many companies and individuals would lose out on

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essays -- Philosophy of Teaching S

Philosophy of Education Education is the process of learning that can take place anywhere and at any time. I believe that creativity and activity as well as books and lessons are essential to the learning process. As a teacher, I hope to instill in the children a sense of knowledge and self-worth that will remain with them throughout their lives. Education is important not only to maintain daily life, but also to become someone who contributes to society. Without education people have no chance to impact the lives of others in their own community. I want to give the children I teach a chance to give back to their community and society. Although ethics and morals are constantly being reevaluated and argued, I hope to teach a basis of right and wrong that will stand in any religion, belief, and custom in society. While I cannot push my own morals and ethics, I think an understanding of morals allows people to be conscious of others’ feelings and to live more peacefully in society. I believe classroom management should not be strict and starchy where everyone functions like a silent, well-oiled machine. Instead, I would prefer to allow my students to take part in the rule making and decision making processes. I would also like for my students to feel free to ask questions, add to the lesson, and participate in classroom discussions without the fear of ridicule or punishment. I firmly believe in rewarding my ...

Key Areas of Work by the United Nations

At the forefront globalization and the dramatic turn of events worldwide, the focus of states and government is towards economic stability and human development. These goals are also in conjunction with the goals set forth by the United Nations (UN), in particular, priorities on uk/why-nations-fail-chapter-5-review/">developing nations. More to this, the UN and its subordinate agencies are mandated to extend support and technical services on priority and special cases and at different areas.These global aspirations are carried out through government collaborations and or at the regional and bilateral level. However, at various junctures, these initiatives are often hampered by interventions driven by conflicts or disputes among nations and or within its people. Most often than not, these conflicts are either anchored or rooted to religious differences which brought about misunderstanding among interest groups. Hence, giving way to bitter resolution—wars and or violence.Relativ e to its functions and mandate, ethnic or religious conflicts have been proven to directly or indirectly affect the efforts of UN for international development, peace, justice, security, cooperation, gender equality, human rights and social justice. The domino effect is very apparent and dreaded in this type of conflict. Hence, an integrated approach in harnessing inter-faith communication among world religions and denominations is seen as a key factor in mitigating and or pacifying on-going international or bilateral conflicts.II. DiscussionInter-faith communication could be realized in various venues and through different media. In fact, it has itself a long history to stand on its own. This is done usually through inter-faith dialogues. But â€Å"inter faith† has always been interpreted in different ways and scope. Many were initiated by a particular group and were limited only to bilateral religions. On a wider range, many international organizations were born out of inte rfaith dialogues, usually inter-denomination within traditions such as Christianity. An example of which is World Council of Churches, the broadest Christian inter-denomination alliance.However, this does not include other major religions, not even Islam and the Catholic Church. Hence, a more integrated organization and a broader segment of religion or denomination are needed to establish and institutionalize inter-faith cooperation and understanding. Prior to coming up with this goal, a thorough study of the communication factors, conflict or risk management practices, cooperation and understanding principles as variables used and potentially to be used by different religions or faith is significant to establish the objective set above.Identifying Communication FactorsThis involves the identification of communication factors such as communication gap (language differences, information lapses, assimilation and or misinterpretations. This also allows for a better understanding of the weaknesses of the respective parties in holding dialogues or reaches out initiatives.Risk or Conflict ManagementThis variable is a very critical area in dealing with religious conflicts. The assessment of how parties practice conflict or risk management within their line or a counterpart enables possibility of drafting a roadmap for managing conflicts, or employing modifications to existing binding or non-binding policy.Employing Cooperation and Understanding PrinciplesThis is one of the most important considerations to be looked upon in initiating such critical moves as interfaith communication. Employing acceptable principles for cooperation and understanding enables mutual cooperation from opposing parties (respondents). For this study, denominations/religions in the village level will be the primary target. However, as to the assessment, the key informant will be coming from the hierarchy base or area.III. MethodologyThis research will be using a deductive approach in assessing the variables of the research as well as its implementation. The research will also employ a two-way data gathering scheme, including a key informant interview for religious leaders/elders and a survey among their respective followers and believers.The key informant interviewee will be asked (through guide questions) about their experience and perception of the variables being considered. The rest of the respondents will also be asked (through guided questionnaire) of their perception and affirmation of the variables in consideration and the affirmation of the leaders’/leaders’ information.The location of the study is proposed to be conducted in war-torn areas, devastated by ethnic or religious conflicts. The government concerned will be tapped for ensuring safe conduct pass and security and the academes in the conduct of the research respectively.The length of time for the conduct of the study is dependent on the availability of the respondents and financial and logi stical provisions.The researcher and a pool of experts will look into the data and subject it for analysis. After which, the research results will be published including the recommendations for referral to parties (religions, denominations, governments) involved, relative to UN concerns and work and request for actions to carry out the goals reflected in the research.IV. ConclusionIndeed, the need for a benevolent initiative as an alternative to resolve conflict is still the most acceptable to way to resolving global religious-related conflicts. War is not an answer to another war. It only derails and inhibits peace efforts. Hence, this research initiative to further understand and establish interfaith communication is filled with hopes in terms of feasibility and acceptability.Very recently, there was a global uproar in the Moslem world against the pronouncements of the Pope. Although The Vatican has already been in constant efforts to mitigate further disputes, the threats and ten sions are still high. Hence, without proper and peaceful venue for communication, worst may come to worst.V. Bibliography(Chicago, 1994). Learning’s for the Future of Inter-Faith Dialogue. http://www.laetusinpraesens.org/docs/diaparl.php.  (Berlin, 2005). Pope Stresses Interfaith Dialogue. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1558435,00.html.Ariarajah, S. (Geneva, 1991). Interfaith Dialogue.http://www.wcccoe.org/wcc/what/interreligious/diction.html.Ashafa,M.N.(Kaduna, 2005). Promoting Interfaith Dialogue.http://www.amf.net.au/PDF/diversityMatters/Imam-Muhammad-Ashafa.pdf#search=%22Interfaith%20dialogue%22.Garfinkel, R. (Washington, 2004). What Works? Evaluating Interfaith DialoguePrograms. http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr123.html.Goth, B. (Australia, 2005). Champion of interfaith dialogue.http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=3778.May, D. (2006). Inter-Religious Councils Tackle World's Conflicts.http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0828-04.htm.Ra tanasara, H. (Kentucky, 1996). The Importance of Interfaith Dialogue: A Buddhistperspective. http://www.urbandharma.org/bcdialog/bcd2/interfaith.htm.Smock, D. (Harvard, 2004). Divine Intervention: Regional Reconciliation through Faith.http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;se=gglsc;d=5002080704;er=deny.Smock, D. (Washington, 2006). Interfaith Dialogue andPeacebuilding.http://bookstore.usip.org/books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=5121.

Feminist Interpretation of Hemingway’s Story

Portfolio Popovics Anamaria, An II, Romà ¢n?-Englez? L121A feminist interpretation of Hemingway's †Hills like White Elephants† Hemingway's works have largely covered the subject of feminism, and his short story †Hills like white elephants† perfectly portrays a woman who breaks the norms of a society dominated by men and masculinity. As we all know, feminism is a social movement , an ideology which focuses on achieving rights for women . Women should be equal to men in each and every way. In Hemingway's short story we have two important characters: The American and The Girl. It should be noted that we can acknowledge only from the nicknames the author gives us that †The American† seems to be superior from a plain old †Girl† . Is the girl American too ? Is she of another nationality? We aren't told this , but this makes us wonder just how important women were in the 20th century , how much they depended on men , how they didn't matter in society , how their feelings or opinions were pretty much non existent. This simple question gives a major clue on who is superior and who is inferior in the couple's relationship. Even from the beginning , when the Girl asks her partner about what they should drink , we can pretty much realise just how much she cares for her boyfriend's opinions and thoughts. It may seem just as a simple question , but if we analyze the whole text we surely get to the conclusion that the Girl really has surpressed feelings, frustrations , her own thoughts only get voice at the end of the short story , when she finally sees just how her relationship really is. The girl is clearly submissive to her dominant boyfriend, and she wants to do the things that please him. She is inferior in this case as she doesn't know the Spanish language, she can't order by herself, she depends on her boyfriend. I think that there are many famales who depend on their partner, but that it is much better to be an independent woman. Women shouldn't feel inferior to men, they should consider themselves as men's equals. The woman is clearly used to pleasing her boyfriend and doing whatever he wants.†Although â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† is primarily a conversation between the American man and his girlfriend, neither of the speakers truly communicates with the other, highlighting the rift between the two. Both talk, but neither listens or understands the other's point of view. Frustrated and placating, the American man will say almost anything to convince his girlfriend to have the operation, which, although never mentioned by name, is understood to be an abortion.†Ã‚  (Source : SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Hills Like White Elephants.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2007. Web. 19 May 2017.) The American man's girlfriend is a girl who doesn't speak up when talking about the abortion. It is clear that she doesn't want to have it, and even though she doesn't argue with her boyfriend their conversation is really tensionate. She is the typical american girl in the 20th century, a girl that would to anything for the man she loves, not caring about the consequences. I would now like to talk about Jig's (the nickname the Girl is given by her boyfriend, we don't know her actual name) feminist journey thourought the really short story. At the beginning , she really seems to be willing to do anything she can to save her relationship , even have an operation , an abortion . I truly believe she wakes up at one point in the conversation and realises there is nothing to save , that an abortion can't fix what's already damaged in the relationship . The American is clearly oblivious to his girlfriend's or, better said, the mother of his unborn child's needs and true wishes, and he really pressures her to do something that mainly affects her, she should be the one taking the decision about having a child or not , not anyone else. One quote of the text regarding the feiminist awakening in the Girl's soul is particularly important and worth mentioning : † Then I'll do it, I don't care about me.†(Source : †Hills like white elephants, by Ernest Hemingway from Charters, Ann, Ed. The Story and its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. 6th Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003). This quote is especially relevant from a feminist point of view. Even though, at first, I actually thought that the woman wants to please her boyfriend and do as he wants her to do, I think that this is the moment she actually realises that everything she's done so far was only for him, she was careless when it came to her needs, her wishes and she is now actually waking up. She seems to realise just how much her dominant boyfriend is asking of her and she seems to have had enough. If we think about reporting this quote to real life we may say that women, even today, care about their partner's feeling more than they care about their own person. In today's relationships men try to dominate women and try to have the upper hand, and women are unfortunately are usually inferior to their partner and get to a point where they feel helpless, with low self-esteem and unhappy. Another quote that gives a glimpse of the Girl's realization that she does in fact want to keep the baby and doesn't want to have any operation at all is â€Å"But if I do it, then it will be nice again if I say things are like white elephants, and you'll like it?† (Source : †Hills like white elephants, by Ernest Hemingway from Charters, Ann, Ed. The Story and its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. 6th Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003) †By this point, midway through the story, the girl has already retracted her previous comment that the surrounding hills look like white elephants, hinting that she wants to keep the baby instead of having an abortion. The man had been upset at this, feigning indifference but pushing for the abortion because he doesn't want the child. Still hoping to save their broken relationship, the girl asks her boyfriend whether things between them will return to the way they used to be if she goes through with the abortion. Her indecision and desire to placate the man demonstrate her dependence on him. At the same time, however, the mere fact that she asks the question may imply that she believes that nothing can save their relationship.† (Source : SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Hills Like White Elephants.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2007. Web. 19 May 2017) This quote unveils, once again, Jig's awakening. She subtly hints at the fact that she doesn't want to have the operation, but wants the relationship between her and the American to be a happy and successfull one, as it once was. She asks this question knowing that things may never be as they once were, she slowly realizes that the relationship has reached its finish, and that no operation can fix what made the couple grow apart. I feel like the Girl's feelings are finally surfacing, and that the American is at this point as clueless as he can be. The not so long conversation between the two is a real game changer for the relationship. The two aren't arguing or shouting, but the dialogue is really tensionate, it truly shows that there are a lot of things on the deeper level. The Girl is no longer just a plain girl, she has a voice, she has feelings and she is not afraid to speak up anymore, even though the one she is talking to doesn't understand much at all. In the end, I am completely sure that she is coming out of her submissive girfriend shell and that she realizes she can be an independent woman, taking care of a child without the help of its father. Hemingway doesn't actually tells us if the woman decides to have the abortion or not, but from all the subltle hints in the Girl's dialogue I think it is safe to assume that she is keeping the baby and getting out of the toxic relationship with her overly dominant boyfriend. To conclude my essay, I would like to state the fact that this short story is truly a story of a woman who has her feminist awakening, a woman who gets out of the cage she's been kept in by her dominant partner, a woman who finally speaks up her mind. Hemingway ingeniously brings to life an independent, strong woman, and a real life situation common to our days.

JUVENILE JUSTICE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

JUVENILE JUSTICE - Essay Example It is also important to note that the procedure and organization found between the adult and juvenile court systems vary greatly (Snyder, 2001). In Alabama, after committing the crime, Juveniles are detained as compared to being arrested. A petition is drawn up next whereby the juvenile court’s jurisdictional authority over the detained individual and offense serves the minor’s family as notice and offers the basis for the convergence of the court, and acts as the official document for charging. The juvenile’s case is adjudicated, once it is in court, and a disposition is passed. The governmental Act that entails Freedom of Information access to everyone means that the adult records can be viewed by anyone, whereas, juvenile records are considered as sealed documents. This measure is meant for protecting the minors so that their single mistake in life does not become a barrier throughout their life. Juvenile records may be expunged once the minor offender reaches 18 years provided they meet the set state criteria. In addition, unlike the adult court procedures the juvenile courts proceedings are far less formal. The least detrimental options often form the main basis for a juvenile case disposition. Therefore, the parents’ patriae legacy remains clear (Mays & Winfree, 2000). Juvenile dispositions use of indeterminate sentencing is often a constant source of controversy for the juvenile courts. Under this sentencing, the judges are given power to determine and decide the type of sentence that will be carried out. Juveniles, in such cases, are watched during their detained periods and only when the judge completely considers them fully rehabilitated, then they can be released. This arrangement, according to critics, allows the judge to have too much discretion, and therefore should not be considered as a detrimental punishment. The three main ways that a court is typically

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Chiropractic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chiropractic - Research Paper Example Proper lifestyle has to include the need for exercises and the right rehabilitation programs for patients to practice at their own time. Some professionals also do consider acupuncture as part of the chiropractic practice. As a form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), the chiropractic differs significantly from the westernized medicine practices. Chiropractors may rely on evidence based practices that may not be recognized by mainstream medical practitioners, but which have proved to be of much importance in relieving pains and musculoskeletal problems in patients (Cramer et al., 2007). As such chiropractic practice is an important alternative medicine practice that medical practitioners have applied overtime to relieve pains and discomfort in muscles, joints and the nervous system among patients with much success. Studies of chiropractic practices have reported major successes in solving back pains among patients similar to other mainstream medical practices. Bishop et al. (2010) in a study on the effectiveness of chiropractic hospital-based intervention observed that, in patients with acute mechanical low back pain, chiropractic therapies led to significantly greater improvement based on specific conditions of the patient and their functioning. These results are consistent with the chart results, which indicated that over 70 of respondents agreed with the effectiveness of chiropractic therapies in treating such pains. These respondents preferred chiropractic practice before considering other conventional medicine approaches. The statistics suggest the use of hands to relieve tensions in joints and along the spine has major benefits in relieving accumulated stress from the body. Likewise, 56% of respondents indicated that chiropractic resulted in healthy conditions; only a partly 14% refuted the benefits of the therapy in

Two Traditional Chinese History Literature review

Two Traditional Chinese History - Literature review Example As the top-most military commander of the army, he used the military to flaunt his power and force his policies across society. The end result was diminished power of the local governments and a strengthened centralized authority. As soon as the dynasty came to power, semi-autonomous kings at the local level threatened the authority of the central government under the emperor (Shu-hui 121). But in response, the emperor and the central authorities substantially weakened the influence of the regional administrators by directing the imperial court to implement reforms. Such actions were in response to serious challenges to the central authority by regionally-instigated movements such as the Rebellion of the Seven States. The emperor was the chief appointing officer; all government employees with at least 600 heaps of grain in pay were appointed by him with the assistance of the advisors, who assessed the qualification of each candidate (Shu-hui 122). The empress dowager served as the emperors real or figurative mother and was practically more influential than the holder of the throne. By virtue of her ability to override the emperor’s decisions, power was technically held by the two at the expense of regional administrations. The emperor could occasionally delegate his executive powers to a member of the central government, especially when some criminals needed to be executed extra-judicially but the emperor was ill-prepared to carry the baggage. According to Shu-hui, Han managed to centralize power for exercising by the top-most members of the bureaucracy, who were charged with executing out advisory opinion, censorial duties, policymaking, and judicial functions in administering the kingdom (152).  Ã‚